Diseases

Community-acquired pneumonia

Acute infection of the lung parenchyma acquired outside hospital, diagnosed on compatible symptoms plus new radiographic infiltrate.

RespiratoryICD-11 CA4027 sections

Acute coronary syndrome

Acute myocardial ischaemia from coronary plaque disruption, spanning unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI — time-to-reperfusion determines myocardial salvage.

CardiologyICD-11 BA4127 sectionsEmergency

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Chronic hyperglycaemia from insulin resistance with progressive beta-cell failure, managed by risk-based drug selection rather than glucose lowering alone.

EndocrinologyICD-11 5A1126 sections

Sepsis and septic shock

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection; septic shock adds vasopressor-dependent hypotension with raised lactate.

Critical careICD-11 1G4025 sectionsEmergency

Asthma

Chronic airway inflammation with variable expiratory airflow limitation; every patient needs inhaled corticosteroid-containing therapy, never a reliever alone.

RespiratoryICD-11 CA2327 sections

Acute ischaemic stroke

Sudden focal neurological deficit from cerebral arterial occlusion; outcome depends on how fast perfusion is restored.

NeurologyICD-11 8B1123 sectionsEmergency

Acute kidney injury

Abrupt decline in glomerular filtration defined by creatinine rise or oliguria; management is driven by cause, volume state and dialysis indications.

NephrologyICD-11 GB6023 sectionsEmergency

Heart failure

Clinical syndrome of congestion and/or hypoperfusion from structural or functional cardiac impairment, classified by ejection fraction to direct disease-modifying therapy.

CardiologyICD-11 BD1024 sections

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Persistent airflow limitation from airway and alveolar abnormality, confirmed by post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.70 and managed by ABE group.

RespiratoryICD-11 CA2227 sections

Dengue

Mosquito-borne flavivirus illness where deterioration occurs at defervescence — the critical phase of plasma leakage, not at peak fever.

Infectious diseaseICD-11 1D2Z26 sectionsEmergency

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Insulin deficiency with counter-regulatory excess producing hyperglycaemia, ketonaemia and metabolic acidosis — treated with fluids, fixed-rate insulin and potassium replacement.

EndocrinologyICD-11 5A2Y27 sectionsEmergency